Biodegradable Plastics Essay Example for Free

Biodegradable Plastics Essay The properties of plastics are determined by the polymers that constitute the unit. Based on this, plastics can be modified into biodegradable products by varying the constituents synthetically. Their chemical structures vary due to the substituting polyesters in the polymer chain. Let’s study about the chemical differences and structure of green plastics; PHA and PLA. Amylose and Amylopectin are the major polymer components of starch. In the link structure, all identical chain points are connected to –CH2OH group. The oxygen in the ring structure chain facilitates degradation when reacted with water. Any hybrid variety can be produced with two components: renewable natural polymer (starch) and petroleum based synthetic polymer (PCL). †¢ Polylactide (PLA) is a bioplastic basically made from starch, the basic building material. Here lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) is produced through fermentation where microorganisms convert sugar feedstock into lactic acid. The lactic acid thus isolated is depolymerized to lactide and by Ring-opening polymerization with catalysts it is converted into Polylactide polymer of high molecular weight. Based on the particle size, the rate of biodegradability and transparency varies. They find use in soluble fibers, compose bags and renewable products. †¢ Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers are produced naturally by microorganisms directly from sugar feedstock. The polymer is isolated, purified and processed. These components can be controlled by varying the ratio of sugar feedstock. Synthesized PHA is copolyester composed of 3-hydroxy fatty acids hydroxybuterate, hydroxyvalerate and hydroxyhexanoate. In all PHAs the hydroxyl substituted carbon atom is steriochemical -R configuration. Since they are composed of short chain and long chain length –R groups, they are used for a variety of commercial applications. References Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007, Pp 1437-1449 Stevens, E. S. , Green Plastics: An introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics, Princeton University Press, 2003

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

THE GREAT GATSBY This novel is about the American dream or rather the dreams of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s. In the novel The Great Gastby notes on the careless and moral deteariation of the twenties. It is clear that fitzgerald has made a relation with his and Gatsby’s life. This can be seen in many different ways such as fitzgerald attended Yale college for a wile then went off to be in the army. In The Great Gatsby the character Gatsby went to Oxford then left to go to the army. Also Fitzgerald wanted to become a football player and I think that tom was another character by Fitzgerald that he wanted to be like. For tom was a big x football player who was rich. Fitzgerald as a boy dreamed of becoming a football hero. Football was also one of Fitzgerald's earliest attractions at Princeton University. Fitzgerald tried out for the Princeton freshman team but was cut within the first week. As a successful professional Fitzgerald translated his love of the game into two Saturday Evening Pos t stories. This novel is filled with multiple themes but the predominate one focuses on the death of the American Dream. This can be explained by how Gatsby came to get his fortune. Through his dealings with organized crime he didn't hold to the American Dream guidelines. Nick also suggests this with the manner in which he talks about all the rich characters in the story. The immoral people have all the money. The thought of repeating the past. Gatsby's whole being since going off to war is devoted to getting back together with Daisy and have things be the way they were before he left. That's why Gatsby got a house like the one Daisy used to live in right across the bay from where she lives. He expresses this desire by reaching towards the green light on her porch early in the book. The last paragraph, So we beat on, boats against the current, born back ceaselessly into the past reinforces this. Fitzgerald was in his twenty's when he wrote this novel and since he went to Princeton he was considered a spokesman for his generation. He wrote about the immorality that was besieging the 1920's. Organized crime ran rampant, people were partying all the time, and affairs were common play. The last of which Fitzgerald portrays well in this novel. Ernest Hemingway Fitzgerald's friend and literary rival once commented that "poor Scott Fitzgerald" was "wrecked" by his "romantic awe" of the rich.

American Dream Essay

Another prop used to represent the truth is the flowers. This makes the ending of ‘Death of a Salesman’ effective because when Happy and Biff come home after leaving their dad alone in the restaurant they were meant to eat in but instead left with some girls, Happy comes home with some flowers for his mother, Linda. Linda knocks the flowers out of Happy’s hands out of anger. Linda starts to clean up the mess she has made then realises she has cleaned up enough of her sons messes â€Å"Pick up this stuff, I’m not you maid† Linda says. Then the stage direction says â€Å"Happy turns his back to her in refusal. Biff slowly moves over and gets down on his knees, picking up the flowers† which explains another failure of the ‘American Dream’. I think this proves the difference between the two brothers and how Biff kneels indicating that he can accept the truth and knows that he can’t achieve the ‘American Dream’ whereas Happy is more stubborn like Willy into believing the dream so Miller intends he is destined to go in the same direction as Willy, which is another failure of the ‘American Dream’. Another failure of the ‘American Dream’ is that Happy follows in his father’s footsteps after he knows what happened to him which led to his suicide which makes the ending of the play effective because this play about Willy could repeat it self but would be about Happy. Happy in a way is brainwashed into thinking that he can reach the ‘American Dream’ easily because Willy said you just need to be well-liked and masculine when he was younger. Happy is trapped in his own world creating the same tragedy which has already been lived by his father Willy Loman. It also makes the ending of the play effective because Happy still believes in this ‘dream’ when it might not even be real as he doesn’t know anyone who has achieved it. On a materialistic basis, Willy has worked all his life to realize the ‘American Dream’ but still fails to do that which makes the ending effective. Willy purchases some seeds for his garden and begins to plant them late at night which is another prop which represents the truth. I think Miller’s intention here was to show the audience that he is close to his suicide but realises that he needs to leave something real and living behind for his family to remember him by. We also know that Willy is close to his suicide because he is planting the seeds at the wrong time of the day, which again I think Miller’s target here was to give more clues to the audience that Willy was very serious about committing suicide soon. I also think that the seeds that Willy plants are symbolic in a way to another failure of the ‘American Dream’ because this was Willy’s desire to grow big and tall ironically just like the plant eventually would. At the end of the play Willy is talking to Ben while he is planting the seeds. He talks about how big his funeral will be before he is even dead making the end of the play effective because he’s dreaming about depressing things that will happen after his death for example what his funeral would be like. To be more specific how many people there would be from all over America. This is another failure of the ‘American Dream’ because Willy shows that he has definitely given up on this dream that he had talked about all his life implying that he is going to kill himself. He is selling himself off and valuing himself and he acts as if he is making a business deal with himself. He also talks about how much money Biff will get and that he will be in front of Bernard again in terms of money. Bernard was their neighbour who was a clever boy and went to the same school as Biff and Happy. But back then, in the past Willy influenced his sons to just concentrate on being popular so they could accomplish the ‘American Dream’ as soon as possible which is a failure of the ‘American Dream’ because there is a lack of personality from both Biff and Happy. The stage directions are another significance in the play to represent the failures of the ‘American Dream’. At the very end of the play it mentions that the hard towers of the apartment buildings rise into sharp focus. I think Miller illustrates that even though Willy has now gone forever and is dead, the things that Willy hated the most will still be there and the society will move on which is a failure to achieving the ‘American Dream’ because he has given up on himself and letting society win over him. In the video each time Willy went back into the past it was always set in the garden where it was bright. The contrast of colours between the clothes that were worn were the colours of the American flag. But in the past the colours were bright colours of red blue and white whereas in the present the clothes worn were more faded and dull colours. I think the costumes designer’s purpose here was to show the difference between the present and the past. I also think that the costume designer used bright colours in the past to illustrate that there was more hope for Biff and Happy to achieve the ‘American Dream’ back then. I believe that the audience might respond to the faded colours of clothes worn in the present meaning that the clothes were old, demonstrating that the family could not afford to buy new clothes and other luxuries and this reflects a failure of the ‘American Dream’ in the film. The ending of the play is effective because it’s a tragedy how Willy still believes in the ‘American Dream’ after all he has been through and all the lies he has made up to accomplish this dream. There are many failures of the ‘American Dream’ which makes the ending of ‘Death of a Salesman’ effective because all these failures are revealed at the end of the play. Overall I think that Arthur Miller makes ‘Death of a Salesman’ an effective ending in terms of presenting the failures of the ‘American Dream’ by revealing the truth at the end of the play. The ending of the play is appropriate because it unravels all the unknowns throughout the play explaining why things happened and reasons why Willy, Biff and Happy had failed the ‘American Dream’ .

This Paper Will Prove That Sigmund Freud Theory Of John

This paper will prove that Sigmund Freud theory of John Keats’s poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† is flawed. Demonstrated through quotations and additional sources by scholarly articles, Freud’s idea of Freudian criticism will be highlighted as the key point. To understand Freudian criticism one must understand psychoanalytic criticism. Psychoanalysis of literature is the psychoanalysis of the author or a character in each work. Psychoanalytic criticism implements the methods of reading employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. It claims that literary texts, demonstrate the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is an indicator of the author s own psychoses. One may psychoanalyze a character†¦show more content†¦A Muse Deconstructed: Keats s Ode on Melancholy† demonstrates Freud’s theory and its connection to Melancholia. It is stating that one suffering with depression will act before thinki ng due to their past experience. It is the minds way of dealing with the feeling of loss and mental disease of depression. â€Å"Within Freud s theory of the unconscious, this distinction represents a heuristic move rather than a systematic step in coming to terms with a certain pathological disposition, melancholia, as opposed to a certain normal behavior, mourning. The normality of this behavior is qualified by the understanding of an evidently decisive loss, which causes grief; while the pathology of melancholia is above all characterized by an apparently causeless, and therefore incomprehensible, condition of depression† (Haverkamp 694). Melancholia comes in two different forms of understanding loss and allowing it consumes oneself. The unconscious or the ID protects the mind and soul of a person from consumption of melancholia. When writers write to seek the release of this pain they place unconscious symbols or reoccurring themes in their work. Conferring with Freud mos t Professors would state that the color or spelling of an object, person or thing will always have meaning. â€Å"Freud works from the premise that all that appears is a sign, that all signs are subject to interpretation, and that they ultimately tell stories that contain the same dramatis personae and the sameShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory And Criticism1345 Words   |  6 PagesIntro to Theory and Criticism Spring 2015 Midterm Essays Freud and Literature At some point in life, everyone has heard the name Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856, and went on to become one of the most talked about theorists. He is known as the father of psychoanalysis and has left behind an everlasting legacy. There were two influential and sometimes controversial theories that Freud left behind. Sigmund Freud’s big legacy was his work with dreams and the unconscious. This work canRead MorePersonality Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality Theory Paper Jennifer Campos PSYCH/504 January 14, 2013 Dr. Tracy Masiello Personality Theory Paper John Nash was a very interesting man. Many may just know of him because of the movie, â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†. Taking a look at John Nash and his personality and how psychologists, such as Jung and Freud would see John Nash through their diagnoses. Also taking a look at how different theories would go up against John Nash and his everyday life. The different theories that will be lookedRead Moreintroduction to psychology Essay2328 Words   |  10 PagesDIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGY 1 Abstract: The following paper consists of an explanation, of what the history of psychology taught us about the human behaviour. This explanation consists of summarising the different perspectives in psychology. Each perspective is trying to view the human mind and behaviour from a different angle, i.e. the biological perspective tries to analyse the human behaviour by understanding the biological and physical structure of the brain and the nervousRead MoreEssay Psychology of Dreams3508 Words   |  15 Pagestimes two theories have gained credibility in answering those questions. The first theory is Sigmund Freuds and the other is known as the cognitive theory of dreams also known as biological determinism. Freud presented his theory about dreams in the book The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899. In it he sets out to prove there is a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams and that interpretation has a significant meaning to waking life (Freud 35). Freuds theory not a newRead MoreThe Tale of Bigfoot1634 Words   |  6 Pagesnatives told this tale of a group of giant hairy wild ape-man like people that protect the forests to give reason for respecting nature and preserve order. Bigfoot sightings have spread throughout the United States and the world. Our fascination with this creature have spiraled into almost mass hysteria among people to find and prove this creature is real. I decided to observe and analyze the film Bigfoot. When watching the film Bigfoot created in 1970 directed by Robert Slatzer and starring John CarradineRead MoreFeminism : Women And Femininity3914 Words   |  16 Pagesthe unclear and questionable subjects in psychoanalysis, from Freud to Lacan, is the psychology of women and femininity. Male-centered psychoanalysis, which with no doubt is a reflection of tradition, patriarchy, misogyny and women discrimination as a second gender,; is the most important factor that this theory is static and conservative despite some valuable revelation. In my point of view, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, under the influences of his dogmatic beliefs about on ?SuperegoRead MorePerception Of Water : Cultural Influences On Human Behavior2322 Words   |  10 Pagesbodies of water. Popular culture uses this reaction to its advantage. Day in and day out the masses are bombarded with advertisements, driving down the road and there is a billboard for a â€Å"spa destination† and behind the woman with cucumbers over her eyelids is a beach with calming waves. This image is meant to elicit a reaction from the person driving by of â€Å"wow that does look relaxing.† This whole scene is used so much it is a clichà ©, but why? In this research paper I will attempt to answer the question:Read MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pages This chapter covers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. InRead MoreEssay on Criminal Thoughts in Edgar Allan Poe’s Tales2035 Words   |  9 Pagesdisease of thought— from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect.† (Poe 1) The topic of the madness always kept Edgar Allan Poe’s mind occupied. A lot of his works deal with the issue of sin, guilt and the criminal’s mind. In my paper I will demonstrate the different kinds of mentality of the guilty in Poe’s stories. Edgar Allan Poe is most well known for his Gothic, detective and mysterious stories. His inclination for writing about these topics comes from his childhood. AfterRead MoreThe Shakespeare Conspiracy Theory1561 Words   |  6 Pagescredit for the work of someone else. The search for evidence to either prove or disprove this conspiracy has been one of the hardest searches I have ever had to do. I searched countless sites and countless books to find at least one negative or positive piece of evidence other than just speculation and one side arguing against another on the true author. In this paper I will go through several different theories I have found on this subject ranging from Edward De Vere to Sir Francis Bacon and other famous